Top view and overview of the entire mechanism Pascal's calculator (also known as the arithmetic machine or Pascaline) is a invented by in the early 17th century. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his father's work as supervisor of taxes in.

He designed the machine to add and subtract two numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division through repeated addition or subtraction. Pascal's calculator was especially successful in the design of its, which adds 1 to 9 on one dial, and when it changes from 9 to 0, carries 1 to the next dial. His innovation made each digit independent of the state of the others, which enabled multiple carries to rapidly cascade from one digit to another regardless of the machine's capacity.

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Pascal was also the first to shrink and adapt for his purpose a, used in and, which could resist the strength of any operator input with very little added friction. Pascal designed the machine in 1642, and after 50, he presented it to the public in 1645, dedicating it to, then. Pascal built around twenty more machines during the next decade, many of which improved on his original design.

In 1649, King gave Pascal a (similar to a ), which gave him the exclusive right to design and manufacture calculating machines in France. Nine Pascal calculators presently exist; most are on display in European museums.

Many later calculators either were directly inspired by, or shaped by the same historical influences which led to, Pascal's invention. Invented his after 1671, after trying to add an automatic multiplication feature to the Pascaline. In 1820, designed his, the first mechanical calculator strong enough and reliable enough to be used daily in an office environment. It is not clear whether he ever saw Leibniz's device, but he either re-invented it or utilised Leibniz's invention of the step drum. Input wheel The calculator had spoked metal wheel dials, with the digit 0 through 9 displayed around the circumference of each wheel. To input a digit, the user placed a stylus in the corresponding space between the spokes and turned the dial until a metal stop at the bottom was reached, similar to the way the of a telephone is used.

This displayed the number in the windows at the top of the calculator. Then, one simply redialed the second number to be added, causing the sum of both numbers to appear in the accumulator. Each dial is associated with a one-digit display window located directly above it, which displays the value of the accumulator for this position.

The complement of this digit, in the base of the wheel (6, 10, 12, 20), is displayed just above this digit. A horizontal bar hides either all the complement numbers when it is slid to the top, or all the direct numbers when it is slid toward the center of the machine.